Validity, Reliability And Authenticity Of Assessment

Validity, Reliability and Authenticity of Assessment Validity This assessment piece is valid as the task sheet, the curriculum descriptors, and the rubric all align. This is evident in the ‘Adapted backwards design’ where all the content descriptors indicating are mentioned in the unit of learning and are prevalent in the development of the assessment piece and in the marking. The rubric, in-particular, can be seen as very task specific and demonstrates what is expected to achieve a minimal progress mark to an outstanding mark overall. Black (2014) states that it is important to have a task specific rubric so that students can get a more accurate result on their work rather than a mark that is based on the markers attitude towards that student or on how the marker is feeling at the time. The rubric also sets clear guidelines for the required mark as rather than continuously changing the terminology from ‘a satisfactory standard’ to ‘an exceptional standard’ and so on – it actually tells students wha t is expected and included in the assessment piece to achieve that mark. This is evident where the rubric states that to get a satisfactory mark the oral piece has to persuade the audience but to get an outstanding mark the audience has to want to take action. The rubric is an extension of the task sheet in this case but still correlates to the assignment task so that students know what they have to do. The curriculum descriptors all relate to and are included in the students’Show MoreRelatedEvaluation Of The Year 4 Science Assessment Task1177 Words   |  5 PagesScience Assessment Task: Animal Habitats, it is evident that validity, reliability, fairness, flexibility and authenticity play an integral role in the planning and assessment process. Therefore, analysis of the strengths and weakness presented within this particular Assessment Task provides a foundation for potential betterment of the teaching and learning experiences provided within the Year 4 Science Assessment Task: Animal Habitats. â€Å"Reliability of assessment refers †¦ [to] when an assessment providesRead MoreCritical Analysis of the IELTS Writing Test1310 Words   |  6 Pageswere conducted assessing the IELTS test in general, only little works were proposed regarding the writing component of this test. For this reason, this paper only aims to focus on the assessment of writing. Firstly, an overview of this module will be presented, and then an analysis of the validity and reliability of this component will be proposed in this essay. II. Critical analysis of IELTS II.1. An overview of the IELTS. Originally created in 1980 as the English Language Testing ServiceRead MoreEssay about Enabling Learning Through Assessment1414 Words   |  6 PagesEnabling Learning through Assessment To enable learning is to equip and facilitate the learner with all the necessary skills required to understand and retain knowledge. One way in which the teacher can ensure that learning has taken place is through the medium of assessment – to evaluate what the learner has taken on board. Assessment methods help form a vital stage of a learner’s journey helping them to draw on skills they have acquired, and aids in the consolidation of the knowledge learntRead MoreTesting, Or Summative Assessment1473 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Assessment as a practice is expansive and dynamic, reflecting learning in action. Testing, in contrast, is more about measuring a body of knowledge that has been taught.† (Meadmore, 2004, p.3) Testing, or summative assessment, is a process of measuring attainment of knowledge and understanding by assigning an â€Å"empirical indicant† (Carmines Zeller, 1979, p.45) which purports to represent the degree to which students’ learning reflects the course objectives. Testing creates a quantifiable consequenceRead MoreQuestions And Multiple Choice Questions1632 Words   |  7 PagesThere are a lot of types of assessment in medical education that students can be evaluated in different ways such as written assessments, oral examination, performances or workplace assessment and evaluation of attitudes. However, this assignment will focus on long essay questions and multiple choice questions (MCQs) in written assessments and oral examination only. Therefore, the purpose of this assignment can be divided into three parts. Firstly, the use of long essay format and MCQs in the specificRead MoreThe International English Language Testing System1782 Words   |  8 PagesEn glish language speakers, which assesses English proficiency. This testing system was created in 1980 by the University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations and the British Council and has been picked up, revised and redeveloped into an international assessment by many countries including Australia. For those who want to enroll in universities or work as professionals in an English-speaking country, one must complete the IELTS Academic version. For immigration to Australia and New Zealand, it is a requirementRead MoreTesting in Hong Kong844 Words   |  3 Pagesrelatively high quality. By using a high standard testing paper, the quality of the universities’ candidates can be guarantee. Bachman (1996) has said that test qualities include reliability, construct validity, authenticity, interactiveness, impact and practicality. In this paper we will focus on the construct validity, authenticity and interactiveness to see how well is the KHDSE. Section 1 – Reading paper Part A Background Reading paper Part A is a compulsory section, candidates need to attempt allRead MoreReflective Journal Sample1190 Words   |  5 Pagesgiving practice in weak areas such as validity, reliability, wash back. My reflection on the three testing models is that we should move from the model with mid-term plus final assessment to the model where the assessment process is parallel to the teaching/learning process through the course. To achieve this aim new policies should emphasize the assessment component in the professional activity package for novice teachers to qualify test developers. The assessment plan is expected to empower the teachingRead MoreAssessment Methods in Assessing Vocational Achievement1211 Words   |  5 PagesReflection on different assessment methods Throughout my work with candidates I use number of different assessment methods as well as assessment categories. Assessment is a number of different methods which are used to evaluate performance and can be used measured against set criteria. I use formative assessment throughout the process so that every time I interact with the candidate I assess their achievement of LO to guide the learning process which informs my decision about the next stage ofRead MoreAwarding Body Guidance For Centre1495 Words   |  6 Pagesusing appropriate assessment methods and making appropriate assessment decisions according to Ascentis’ requirements ï  ¶ Ensuring the centre has appropriate internal quality assurance arrangements as outlined within the relevant qualification specification ï  ¶ Checking that the centre is using appropriate administrative arrangements to support the function of delivery and assessment External Verifiers will usually do this through discussion with the centre management team; assessment and Internal Quality

Role of Women in Jewish Religion - 1254 Words

We have been taught about several religions throughout this course, but one religion that has really caught me, is Judaism. There are many interesting facts about the Jewish community, religion, and such. However, I’m going to just talk about Jewish women and the roles they play in the Jewish community. In traditional Judaism, women are for the most part seen as separate but equal. Women s obligations and responsibilities are different from men s, but no less important. As a matter of fact, women’s responsibilities, in some ways, are considered more important. Akeret Habayit is the Hebrew word given to the wife and mother in a Jewish household. Akeret Habayit literally means the â€Å"mainstay† of the home. It is the mother and wife who†¦show more content†¦The Nazis didn’t have sympathy for no one. They killed men and women (elder or not), pregnant women, kids, and even babies. However, Jewish women were mainly targeted more than any other category in the Holocaust. For the most part, they were often more than fifty percent of the population that were killed by the Nazis. Women in the Holocaust suffered the most being that they were raped, pregnant, had childbirths, forced to abortions, and often separated from their children. â€Å"Jewish women’s lives were endangered as Jewish women, as mothers, and as caretakers of children.† You can say that gender did play a vast role during the Holocaust. Concluding with the questions that Dr. Richardson, I would like to say that I learned a lot of new material while doing this research paper. I was familiar with the Jewish religion and the historical event of the Holocaust, but not so much about the role that women played within in. When I first started to do this research paper, I thought that Jewish women were going to be treated and seen way lower then what the male was seen as. I guess you can say I was stereotyping women because of how they are â€Å"normally† seen in every other religion or even everyday life. However, the fact that Jewish women were seen as the leaders per say of the household, really surprised me. Also, how they were the ones who taught the young children, kind of surprised me too. The fact that Jewish women had a vital part inShow MoreRelatedAbrahamic Faiths of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam1302 Words   |  5 PagesAbrahamic faith and originated in the Middle East over three thousand five hundred years ago. Islam is the second largest religion in the world, revealed over one thousand four hundred years ago in Mecca, Arabia. These three faiths share many common characteristics when it comes to their outlook on god, women in society, and afterlife. Judaism is the oldest monotheistic religion. It is based on the original covenant made between Abraham and god when he was told to leave his home in Ur and travel toRead More The Role of Women in Judaism Essay1154 Words   |  5 PagesThe Role of Women in Judaism Some say that the role of women in Judaism has been misrepresented and misunderstood. Today when people think of womens role in Judaism, they think of them as being of very low importance. Yet, threw the Halakha (Jewish laws) we are able to see how significant the role of women is in Judaism. There are many Jewish feminist leaders in todays society. This is because throughout the years of education and study of Judaism, the women learned that everyone must be respectedRead MoreModern Political History of Israel and Iran1435 Words   |  6 Pages Since World War II, religion has played a significant role in the modern political history of Israel and Iran. Both countries are self-defined theological states (Israel as a Jewish state, Iran as an Islamic state). Although the impact of religion changes across time and context, religion has largely defined political identity for both Israel and Iran. Yet, modern states are host to many paradoxes. Religion is important in defining these sta tes, however the workings of each country are not alwaysRead MoreWomen And The Jewish Religion979 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout history the roles people have play a major part in how their society is run. Roles in societies are used as a way to establish order. By giving each person a specific role it allows them to carry out specific duties and obligations. Each religion has a certain way they perceive and treat certain people. It can be based on class, intelligence or even gender. Gender plays a big part in how a society is run. Judaism is one religion where â€Å"it believes, and continues to maintain, that withinRead MoreModern Challenges Of The Middle East Around 4000 Years Ago Essay1612 Words   |  7 Pages Modern Challenges Shady Rizkalla REL/134 Mr. Firpo Carr January 6, 2016 Modern Challenges Judaism impelled in the Middle East around 4000 years ago (Brill, 2012). Abraham, who was Hebrew, is considered as the father of the Jewish confidence since he propped up the focal thought of the rule that there is one God. During the period, numerous individuals worshiped numerous divine beings particularly in the Middle East. Abraham and his wife Sarah had confidence in God in spite of the factRead MoreThe Cultural World of Jewish Women Explained in Daughters of Tradition by Alicia Ramos-Gonzà ¡lez1806 Words   |  7 Pages the cultural world of Jewish women in Eastern Europe during the 16th-19th century. I believe that culture takes root in ones’ identity not only as an individual, but also in ones’ identity with their people and nation. Based on this belief, I have chosen to focus my explorations on the patterns found in the bases of Jewish identity among the women in Yiddish culture during this time. Despite the negative impacts towards gender equality which aros e though preventing women from obtaining skills suchRead MoreEssay on Jewish Women in Medieval Ashkenaz1547 Words   |  7 Pages Medieval Jewish society, like all traditional Jewish culture, was run by patriarchal hierarchy â€Å"Philosophical, medical, and religious views of the time all supported the view that men were superior to women both in nature and in deed† . Women’s position in society was secondary in comparison to that of men. They were characterized as lightheaded, weak, easily seduced, and linked to sorcery. This essay will focus on the Jewish women living in the medieval society of Ashkenaz, a region of northernRead MoreThree Main Religions in the Continent of Asia907 Words   |  4 Pagesand Iran. The people of Southwest Asia are primarily one of three religions; Christian, Judaism, or Islam. These religions all have different practices, rituals, and teachings but also have some similarities. Each religion has their own holy book, key cites, worship places, and special religious holidays. In Southwest Asia, your religion is based on your family history, beliefs, customs, and traditions. The first religion to get founded was Judaism, nearly four thousand years ago. JudaismRead MoreThree Main Religions in the Middle East 897 Words   |  4 PagesMany have heard the term â€Å"the three major religions†, but how many know what is meant by this? The three major religions are referring to the religions in the Middle East countries, such as Iran, Iraq, etc. The religions are Christianity, Islam, and Judaism. With the close proximity of these countries, but the differing views on things, mainly religion, creates some conflicts and hostility. In America, people are allowed to worship who they want, and believe in what they choose. When someone saysRead MoreThe Influence Of Rabbinic Judaism On Jewish Traditions972 Words   |  4 Pagesclaims of the Jewish traditions, it is actually not God who legislates in Rabbinic Judaism, but the Rabbis.† Rabbis are predominantly Jewish scholar who studies and educated Jewish law. The comprehension of these people is acknowledged through a religious ceremony where one is suitably a Rabbi. Rabbis undertake in a preponderance of generating the oral and written laws, even seen as a figure closer to God than any one else in the community. They have signified a remarkable role in the Judaism

Case Analysis Apple Inc. Essay free essay sample

Executive Summary It is said that luck follows determination and courage in business. Apple Inc. is one of global giants that has proved this correct – it has completely taken a U-turn in the IT business. Renowned around the world for innovation and quality finishing of its products, Apple Inc.’s humble start as a computer manufacturer has not deterred it from ruling the world of technology and entertainment in a market where giant names like IBM and Microsoft also thrive.The financial position of Apple has become very strong over the past three years. Growing 15% from 2007 to 2008 and 20% from 2008 to 2009, Apple Inc. has maintained a steady and rapid pace that few other companies as innovative as Apple can match (Annual Report, 2009, p. 19). The launch of the iTunes music store, that later expanded into a comprehensive online store for videos, books and audios, was a different business model altogether that reaped success within the first week of its launch. However, the subsequent events that occurred in the market and the various risks that are associated with Apple Inc.’s strategy for iTunes are some of the reasons that warrant a revision of the operational strategy, partially, if not altogether. The issue of digital rights management (DRM) and software piracy propped up and Apple has ever since paid out to artists and record companies more than it has pocketed itself.There are several lessons that Apple can learn from the launch of iTunes. The decrease in music sales online is an important one that Apple should take into future consideration. This drop forces one to re-evaluate whether Apple’s strategies were really effective or not. A recommendation to Apple for its future strategies would be to re-evaluate its business models keeping into view all aspects of the market and related industries so that after the initial bloom of purchases, there are no immediate issues that spring up like the music crisis. Introduction Apple Inc. is one of global giants in the information technology, information and entertainment business. It has under its one roof, apart from a dynamic CEO, Steve Jobs, a variety of projects that are the result of intense innovation and clever launch strategies (Curtis Gobham, 2005, p.14). The company is involved in all round operations ranging from designing, manufacturing and retailing its products, expanding from its initial expertise of just selling personal computers the company has successfully explored markets of high quality portable computers, music players and recently launched cellular phones. The breakthrough launch of the iPod in 2001 and the iPhone in 2007 saw Apple going from a â€Å"quiet† firm to a giant of the industry seeking all media attention. The launch of iTunes in 2004 was another cap to its feather, which has led to Apple enjoying billions of dollars in revenues and millions in profits (Laudon Laudon, 2007, p.98). Though Apple Inc. has had great strategies in place for its product launches and follow-ups, there are some important lessons that should be learnt from the experiences of Apple and other companies in the market.The biggest breakthrough however, was with the advent of the iPod and the opening up of the iTunes store that really got Apple kicking off the ground. This report analyzes Apple’s success in these areas, taking a brief look at the things that went right. It will further discuss the things that could and did go wrong for Apple after the iPod market had taken a saturation stance and how music sales were affected by Apple’s strategies. This will be followed by a set of recommendations that Apple Inc. and its management could follow in order to undertake calculated risks and explore different areas in the consumer market.The Success of Apple According to Bulik (June 2008, p.9) Apple has had one of the highest streaks of innovation than any other company. Failing several times has not deterred it from taking further risks and testing newer ideas. It was not until 1998 that the iMac was finally a beaming product that transformed Apple’s status from an out-of-the-box faiure to a clever innovator that had the vision and people to thrive ahead and succeed on the basis of innovation. The success of Apple after a period of two decades exemplified the fact that once again, innovation and competitive breakthroughs are the keys to success and profitability in the technological industry (Russell Yilmaz, 2006). Apple achieved its iPod sales targets of six months in just six days. This signifies how important it is to innovate and come up with products and services that would be so simple for consumers and yet so important for the company.The iPod was one of the most innovative products of this decade and rightly so. Apple had the advantage of taking the market by surprise: there was no similar product in the market that provided a comprehensive music solution. Microsoft’s Zune was the next thing that came into the market but was unsuccessful in breaking the monopoly that Apple had procured so easily due to the timing and innovation it had long invested in (iPod and Zune fight for attention, 2008, p.1). What followed in the ensuing competition is all history and documented.With $1 billion in iPod sales and approximately $1 million from iTunes in just 6 days, there was nothing much that could go wrong for Apple, envisaged analysts. They were proved wrong, when there came a series of issues for online music sellers, album companies and when fresh numbers started coming in regarding music downloads and sales. However, it is important to realize the fact that a short-sighted strategy was used by Apple for its music sales model. The online setup of iTunes was a clever move, however, Apple’s success brought about the failure of many other firms. There are important lessons to learn from this and these should be taken into consideration for future strategies. Competitive Advantages Apple Inc. has been one of the most unique firms in the world: it has never focused on following others in the market. Almost 75% of Apple’s products and businesses are market leaders and innovative solutions that have been the first of their kind in the market – or at least the first in the global market. The iPod, iPhone, iTunes and iMac are some of the examples that corroborate for this fact.Thus, innovation and market leadership has always been a competitive edge for Apple. Being inherently running a culture of innovation that Apple Inc. has traditionally inherited from Steve Jobs, the employees at the company are paid to innovate, not work. Innovation has been the major reason behind Apple’s success as it has created breath-taking products and taken the market by storm more than four times in the past decade. It is Apple’s belief that high-quality purchases and adequate market knowledge is an important competitive edge that it can have over the independent small firms in the market selling at cheaper rates substitutes of Apple’s products. â€Å"The company sells many of its products and resells certain third-party products in most of its major markets directly to consumers and businesses through its retail and online stores (Annual Report, 2009, p.1)†. The Current Situation The net income of Apple Inc. for the year ended 2009 stood at $5.7 billion. This was a direct increase of approximately 20% over the previous year, 2008. The rise in net income was very much higher than the rise in revenues, which stood at roughly 10%. There was virtually no rise in the research and development costs and this was one major factor that contributed to the higher net operating income. There are various innovative projects currently in the pipeline at Apple Inc. which provides a source of speculation for investors wishing to buy the stocks of Apple Inc. (Annual Report, 2009, p.14). The current situation is very stable for Apple Inc. in terms of growth and revenues. It has gone over the stages of explosive growth and is now moving ahead at a fairly good and constant rate. Market Risks The global operations of Apple Inc. make it very possible for sales revenues to diminish in value and costs to rise. There is the element of financial risk and business risk inherent in the company’s operations. While the CFO, Peter Oppenheimer manages this section of the business taking care of the financial risks associated with the company, it is the responsibility of Steve Job and his set of analysts to analyze and manage the market risks associated with the company.Apple Inc. has contracts with third parties allowing it the right to offer digital content, such as music, to its customers. These contracts are all through the iTunes store and there is a significant portion of the revenues from iTunes sales that goes into these license purchases and contract arrangements. However, majority of these contracts are short-term and limited in scope. Renewal of contracts is not necessarily a guarantee – this is a significant business risk that could threaten the very existence of iTunes in future in case of any unexpected contractual issues. Further, most third parties require Apple to guarantee digital rights management (DRM) before they enter into a contract with Apple Inc. (Annual Report, 2009, p.17). This makes the game even more risky where a greater part of the revenues are spent on licensing and DRM solutions.The music CD industry is under siege – mainly by Apple’s iTunes. This creates a very valid reason for the third party contractors to open up businesses similar to There could be other third parties that would like to use their position to strike a higher bargain with Apple thus increasing the costs for Apple. â€Å"In addition, certain countries have passed or may propose legislation that would force the Company to license its DRM, reducing content protection and subjecting it to piracy and also could affect arrangements with Apple’s content providers (Annual Report, 2009, p.17)†. Market Challenges Apple has hit the mobile market recently with its launch of the iPhone in 2007. The mobile market has a dynamic competitive structure It can be remarked without any doubt that the competition Apple faces is stiff and experience-ridden. The work structure of Apple may be highly innovative, but it not necessarily may be low cost – the revenues of Apple offset the big costs involved. These high production and innovation costs can be an incentive for smaller firms, mainly the contractors and suppliers of Apple to get the innovation from Apple and emulate them through cheaper product development. Though the brand would be different, these companies can then target a large segment of the lower middle class. There could be infringement and piracy issues, but then those would all require a great deal of time and energy on the part of Apple to sort out and by the time any rulings would be finalized, the small companies would have had taken their share of the market and exited from the market. Reliance on the mobile entertainment industry is something that Apple is doing right at the moment in order to diversify its risks.Apple Inc. expects that in the near future, the mobile market will be one area that will present competitive challenges to the company – one reason for this is the growingly integrated structure of technology making it very easy to combine entertainment, communication, mobility and computing power into one gadget. Thus, there are huge market challenges for Apple Inc. in the near future that it needs to survive and overcome by intelligent market strategies and a cutting edge competitive edge. The Music Crisis The fall in music CD sales by 6.7% in the first half of 2005 was a big blow to the industry. Contraction of almost one-fifteenth of such a large industry in 6 months was definitely an eyebrow-raiser. Apple had envisaged that its iTune sales would reach 1 million songs in the first six months. Its estimates were well below the response of the market which saw the target being achieved in the first week. However, this also created a void for other music companies and CD companies selling music (Curtis Gobham, 2005, p.112).Market research shows that iTunes had introduced its songs for $0.99 initially and it used a pay-per-download model in the beginning. Though there were other models for song downloads introduced later, but that only meant that song downloads became cheaper and bulk downloads were only encouraged. The quick sales of songs from iTunes online stores only meant that the idea had taken off and it required only a little hindsight from the geniuses at Apple to introduce other products for sale online. Subsequently iTunes was loaded with books, videos, podcasts and audio books apart from songs which gave consumers a wider range of products to choose from. The key was to attract consumers for the product they were interested in. Apple realized that there were many people like Eneka Iriondo-Cyosh who did not purchase any downloadable songs online.The business strategy at the iTunes back office was to somehow get these people to visit iTunes and download other products (Chaffey Wood, 2005, p.97). Though iTunes was successful in luring a great number of visitors to its online portal, there were issues cropping up in the neighborhood that always needed to be addressed.The decline in CD music sales was repeatedly signifying warnings for the music CD industry. Since iTunes had entered the market without any competition, there were very few reasons why consumers should continue buying CDs when there were cheap downloads available from a reliable and quality store such as iTunes. The behavior of many iPod owners began to take a shift. iPod owners who had previously been enthusiastic about CD purchases of their favorite albums found it more convenient to stock songs in heir iPods which had capacities of up to 10,000 songs! This change in behavior meant that CD companies had already reached the beginning of their end in the global market and that singers and record companies were beginning to face low royalties for the same albums in comparison to a few years earlier (Laudon Laudon, 2007, p.16).It is fascinating to note the strategy that iTunes had inked with artists and their record companies. It dictated that for the sale of each song i.e. each download from iTunes, the singer would get almost 80% of the revenues through the records company. Apple’s share was mainly the customer loyalty that it generated and the quick sales that was part of the customer response.However, this resulted in a rise in software piracy and bootlegged CDs in the market. Listeners found their way to copying their downloaded songs onto CDs – it is said that there is virtually no security feature in the world of information technology that cannot be cracked or broken. All it takes is a couple of tech buffs to operate their technical tools to reveal the nuts and bolts of â€Å"security†. And this was all done with great zeal by music pirates so that there were thousands of bootlegged CDs running in the music market (Russel Yilmaz, 2006, p.56).The vision of iTunes to become the premier music company succeeded well, however, in the process led to several software piracy problems. Apart from bootlegged CDs, artists demanded a higher royalty from iTunes since the downloads were huge in number, but were stagnant after a while. This meant that once an iPod user had downloaded a song, they never needed to re-download it again as they had it saved in their iPods. A year or so earlier, the same artists had been able to make millions out of copyrights from record companies that made song CDs in millions. Today the same record companies were facing hard times to keep their CDs on the shelves of bookstores and music stores. DVDs had paved the way for their space and it was all a matter of time as to when music CDs would become history (Boddy Boonstra, 2005, p.118). Conclusion Apple’s strategy for an e-song store was a gigantic success; it reaped the company millions in revenues eventually translating into good profits from an online store business. However, Apple’s strategies were short-sighted. Though Apple supported technological innovations and as mentioned in the case, gave support to entrepreneurs like Jeff Robbin, the iTunes strategy had no plan â€Å"B† for the CD music industry – which was its direct competitor (Beynon-Davies, 2002).iTunes complete eroded the music CD industry by late 2007 and established itself as the premium music re-seller housing several payment and download options. It can be concluded from the actions of Apple that the strategy was short-sighted and was the death blow to the music CD industry that eventually collapsed under the pressure of low demand and staggering prices to remain in competition with the iTunes offers.owever, it would be safe to say that Apple learned from this strategy that its breakthrough innovations were not only as successful in the products it manufactured, but also in the business model and services it came up with. The iTunes idea was an innovative o ne that resulted in quick sales but lower margins for Apple in the beginning however resulted in sustainable sales for the future (Curtis Gobham, 2005, p.54). References Annual Report (2009). Apple Inc., p1-104.Beynon-Davies, P. (2002). Information Systems: An Introduction to informatics in  Organisations. Edinburgh: Palgrave MacMillan. Boddy, D., Boonstra, A., Kennedy, G. (2005). Managing Information Systems: An  Organisational Perspective. 2nd ed. London: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Bulik, B. S. (June 2008). Apples iPhone steals marketing thunder from iPod. Advertising Age, p.4-55, Retrieved on November 30, 2009.Chaffey, D. , ; Wood, S. (2005). Business Information Management, Improving Performance Using Information Systems. London: Financial Times/Prentice Hall.Curtis, G., ; Cobham, C. (2005). Business Information Systems. 5th ed. London: Financial Times/Prentice Hall.Lance, Whitney (2009). eBay launches holiday deals app for iPhone. CNet. Retrieved on November 29, 2009 from: http://news. cnet.com/digital-media/?keyword=iPodLaudon, K., ; Laudon, J. (2007). Essentials of Business Information Systems. 7th ed. London: Prentice Hall. Mazur, L. (2005). Holistic marketing for Long Run. Finance Week, Vol. 14, Issue 10.Russell, I., ; Yilmaz, J. (2006). Information Systems Management, Vol. 23 Issue 4, New York, Prentice Hall: p37-42, 6p.

San Francisco 1906 Earthquake Essays - Seismology, Salton Trough

San Francisco 1906 Earthquake San Francisco 1906 Earthquake One of the greatest earthquakes happened in 20th century is in San Francisco in year 1906. It measured 7.8 degrees. Many building were destructed and several hundred of people got killed. The earthquake also started a fire, which destroyed the central business district. The earthquake happened on the San Andreas Fault, which is the major fracture of the Earth's crust. It is trending northwestward through southern and northern California, U.S., for 650 miles (1,050 km) and passing seaward in the vicinity of San Francisco. Movement along this transform fault is of the strike-slip type and is characterized by occasional large earthquakes originating near the surface along the path of the fault. The disastrous San Francisco quake of 1906 and the less serious earthquake of 1989 were both caused by movement along the fault. According to the theory of plate tectonics, the San Andreas results from the abutment of two major plates of the Earth's crust, the Northern Pacific and the North American. Along the fault, the Northern Pacific plate is sliding past the North American plate in a northerly direction, at a relative movement of about 1 cm (0.4 inch) per year over geologic time, though the rate of movement has been 4 to 6 cm (1.6 to 2.4 inches) per year over the past century. Parts of the fault line moved as much as 6.4 m (21 feet) during the 1906 earthquake. The San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit System (BART) bored a tunnel right through the fault zone, and various cities, towns, and housing developments lie on or near it. At almost precisely 5:12 a.m., local time, a foreshock occurred with sufficient force to be felt widely throughout the San Francisco Bay area. The great earthquake broke loose some 20 to 25 seconds later, with an epicenter near San Francisco. Violent shocks punctuated the strong shaking which lasted some 45 to 60 seconds. The earthquake was felt from southern Oregon to south of Los Angeles and inland as far as central Nevada. The highest Modified Mercalli Intensities (MMI's) of VII to IX paralleled the length of the rupture, extending as far as 80 kilometers inland from the fault trace. The earthquake was rupturing the northernmost 430 kilometers of the San Andreas Fault from northwest of San Juan Bautista to the triple junction at Cape Mendocino. It formed a 290 miles long crack on the ground. For comparison, the 1989 earthquake only had a rupture length of about 25 miles. There is also about 20 feet offset along the crack. The ground was moving at 2.7 km/s. The result of the earthquake was tremendous. More than 800 people died, 225,000 from population of 400,000 became homeless. 28,000 buildings were destroyed. More than 400 million monetary losses. The 1906 earthquake marked the dawn of modern scientific study of the San Andreas Fault system in California. Before 1906, earthquake research in the U.S. had advanced slowly compared to efforts in Japan and Europe. After the quake, nearly all scientists in California began to assemble observations of the earthquake and its effects. The report (published in 1908) was an exhaustive compilation of detailed reports from more than twenty contributing scientists on the earthquake's damage, the movement on the San Andreas Fault, the seismograph records of the earthquake from around the world, and the underlying geology in northern California. The 1906 earthquake essentially turned off earthquakes of magnitude about 6 and larger for the next 73 years (with one exception in 1911). In the 70 years before, there had been at least 16 earthquakes of this magnitude, as shown in the diagram. The likely explanation for this period of seismic quiet is that slip on the 1906 fault plane redistributed stress on other San Francisco Bay area faults. The important lesson here is that for most of this century, central California has been experiencing a seismically quiet period caused by stress relaxation after 1906. The region may slowly be recovering from this "stress shadow" to a more normal state of seismicity as the tectonic plates continue to move, and the stresses on the major faults recover to the values that they had in 1905. The "Great 1906 San Francisco Earthquake" is one of the strongest ever recorded on the North American continent. If a similar earthquake occurred in Northern California today, after many decades of rapid urban growth, thousands of people would likely be killed and economic losses might be in the hundreds of billions of dollars. Such an event would easily be the worst natural disaster in the Nation's history. How soon is such an event